tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91801023454427639402024-02-01T21:58:35.926-08:00KUMPULAN MAKALAHartikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-2765148373929615912010-04-26T23:29:00.000-07:002010-04-26T23:29:53.517-07:00sejarah AMDsddfffdgartikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-55382119378668452572010-04-26T21:48:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:48:24.943-07:00<a href="http://donnys3029.wordpress.com/install-windows-7-beta/" linkindex="213">DFDGDGFGFF</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-37473248101702669082010-04-26T21:24:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:24:27.734-07:00Install Linux Fedora Core 6<h3><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#install" linkindex="83" name="install">Physical Installation</a></h3>It is <strong>highly recommended</strong> you read the <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/i386/os/RELEASE-NOTES-en_US.html" linkindex="84" target="_blank">Fedora Core 6 Release Notes</a> and official <a href="http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/install-guide/fc6/" linkindex="85" target="_blank">Installation Guide</a> before installing Fedora.<br />
Obtain the Fedora Core 6 cd images or DVD image from a Fedora <a href="http://fedora.redhat.com/download/mirrors.html" linkindex="86" target="_blank">mirror</a> (or use the <a href="http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/" linkindex="87" target="_blank">torrent</a>) and burn to CD’s or DVD. (For more information on <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-download-fedora.html" linkindex="88">how to download Fedora Core</a> CD’s or DVD).<br />
Boot from the first disc.<br />
<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Warning: Installer problem. Please read <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#problems" linkindex="89">Common Problems</a> before installing.</span> If you have an <tt>i686</tt> system (most new computers), then enter:<br />
<tt>linux i686</tt><br />
when booting the first disc. This is <em>required if upgrading</em> an existing Fedora installation.<br />
I did a <strong>Custom Install</strong> of Fedora Core 6.<br />
<ul><li><strong>Partitioning</strong> <ul><li>If you have an empty harddrive or wish to delete the entire contents of your drive, then let the installer automatically partition or remove everything and partition.</li>
<li>If you wish to dual-boot or save some contents on your drive, then select custom partitioning. I recommend <em>at least 3</em> partitions: a 10GB <tt>/</tt> main partition, a 10GB <tt>/home</tt> partition and a 1GB <tt><swap></swap></tt> partition. The main partition is where your applications will be installed. The <tt>/home</tt> partition will hold all your personal data (<em>larger is better</em>). The <tt><swap></swap></tt> should be at least as large as your physical memory (if you wish to support things like ACPI hibernate).</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Boot Loader</strong> <ul><li>If you have a blank harddrive or wish Fedora to be your <em>Primary Operating System</em>, then leave the default options here. This also works for dual booting with other systems (ex: Windows).</li>
<li>If wish to preserve Windows as your primary operating system, then install Grub on the <tt>/</tt> partition, <strong>NOT the MBR</strong>. To do this, select <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Configure Advanced Boot Loader Options</span> and install to <em>First sector of boot partition</em>. I use <a href="http://www.winimage.com/bootpart.htm" linkindex="90" target="_blank">Bootpart</a> from Windows 2000 to load Linux. An alternative to Bootpart is the <a href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+NT-Loader.html" linkindex="91" target="_blank">NT OS Loader + Linux mini-HOWTO</a> (also <a href="http://www.geocities.com/epark/linux/grub-w2k-HOWTO.html" linkindex="92" target="_blank">Grub Win2K Howto</a>). I recommend this so you do not corrupt your Windows installation in a Dual-Boot environment. <strong>[NOTE]</strong> There is <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-dell-d810.html#boot" linkindex="93">an example configuration</a> available. <strong>This takes more work, the default option on the MBR will also work.</strong></li>
</ul></li>
<!--–</p-->
<li><b>Network Setup</b><br />
Linux is designed as a networking operating. If you have any high speed connection…</li>
!–>
<li><strong>General Package Selection</strong><br />
The primary options for installation are the following. You can select these and skip <em>individual package selection</em> (next step) if you plan to install most of your software. It is recommended you at least pick certain applications. <ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Office and Productivity</span> – [Highly Recommended]</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Software Development</span> – [Highly Recommended / <strong>Required</strong>]</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Web Server</span> – [Optional (useful for web developers)]</li>
</ul><strong>Fedora Extras</strong> – [NOT Recommended at Install time]. If you select <em>Fedora Extras</em>, this will give access to MANY more applications than included on the CD’s or DVD. However this requires a high-speed <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="internet access" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">internet access</yoono-highlight> that is detected by the Fedora Installer. This will also <em>significantly</em> increase the installation time.<br />
If you select <em>Customize now</em> you will be taken to the <em>Individual Package Selection</em>. </li>
<li><strong>Individual Package Selection</strong> – apx 3.7-4.1GB. – This step should NOT be skipped to make sure you grab a some specific important packages. You are free to select <em>whatever you want</em>. The following in my experience are common useful suggestions:<br />
<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> Warning: When using the Fedora Core <em>Add/Remove Software</em> application you will require a valid internet connection – preferrably high speed. It is recommended that you carefully select everything that you need during this installation step.</span> <strong>Note:</strong> There is a hidden option to select multiple packages. You can Right-Click over a major section (ex: KDE) and Select or Deselect all optional components.<br />
<ul><li>Desktop Environments <ul><li>[<strong>Highly Recommended</strong>] – Select <em>both</em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">GNOME Desktop Environment</span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">KDE (K Desktop Environment)</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Applications <ul><li>Graphical Internet – [Optional] – Add <tt>gftp</tt>, <tt>kdewebdev</tt>, <tt>thunderbird</tt>.</li>
<li>Sound and Video<br />
[Highly Recommended] – Add <tt>k3b</tt> (for CD/DVD creation), <tt>mikmod</tt> (needed for xmms).<br />
[Optional] – Remove <tt>totem-mozplugin</tt> (causes problems later).</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Development <ul><li>[<strong>Required</strong>] – <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Development Libraries</span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Development Tools</span>.</li>
<li>[Recommended] – Select <em>both</em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">GNOME Software Development</span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">KDE Software Development</span>.</li>
<li>[<strong>Highly Recommended</strong>] – Add <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Legacy Software Development</span>.</li>
<li>[Optional] – <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Java</span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eclipse</span> are not necessary unless you are a (java) developer. This is NOT the same as Sun’s Java software.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Servers <ul><li>[<strong>Highly Recommended</strong>] – Add <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Server Configuration Tools</span>.</li>
<li>[<strong>Required</strong>] – Add <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Windows File Server</span> (required to share files with Windows computers).</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Base System <ul><li>[Optional] – Remove <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Java</span> if you wish, you will still have to install Sun Java software later.</li>
<li>[<strong>Required</strong>] – Add <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Legacy Software Support</span>.</li>
<li>[Recommended] – Add <span style="text-decoration: underline;">System Tools</span>.</li>
<li>[NOT Recommended] – Do NOT select <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Virtualization</span>. If you do require <tt>Xen</tt> virtualization. Install it after FC6 is complete.</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">X Windows System</span> – [Recommended] – Add <tt>switchdesk</tt>.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>Install the selected packages and reboot.<br />
For users who opted to install grub on the first sector of the <tt>/</tt> partition instead of the MBR, you will be required to <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-dell-d810.html#boot" linkindex="94">setup NTLDR to boot Linux</a>.<br />
For the first boot:<br />
<strong>Display Settings</strong> — Display settings are automatically detected and set. The resolution and scan rate may be significantly different than your typical settings. Just follow through the first boot process and set the proper resolution once you login.<br />
<ul><li><strong>Firewall</strong> – It is recommended you learn to use your firewall regardless of your internet connection or if you have a hardware router/firewall (D-Link, Netgear, etc.).</li>
<li><strong>Security Enhanced Linux Setting</strong> – <tt>SELinux</tt> is significantly improved since FC5 and interferes less with plugins and application, even so SELinux will require <em>extra settings and configuration</em> to get certain applications to work properly. SELinux will always provide greater security but will also add nuisances. (It is easier to disable SELinux now and enable it later, than the opposite.) However, I recommend people <em>try</em> SELinux first. I have <tt>SELinux = Enforcing</tt> without many problems.</li>
<li><strong>Date and Time</strong> – <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Network Time Protocol</span> – Enable this <em>ONLY</em> if you have an active working internet connection that is on (ex: broadband, T1, DSL). Do not enable NTP Broadcast unless you have other linux machines on your network.</li>
<li><strong>System User</strong> – Create 1 user account for yourself. <strong>Always</strong> use that account <strong>DO NOT use root</strong> as your personal account. This is a cause of many mistakes, and <tt>root</tt> was never intended for personal use.</li>
</ul><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="95">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="96">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-47137901548013695082010-04-26T21:18:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:18:28.258-07:00Common Problems<h3>17 January 2007</h3>Fedora Core 6 shipped with several bugs and problems. Most of the reported issues can be found on the following page: <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Bugs/FC6Common" linkindex="35" target="_blank">http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Bugs/FC6Common</a>.<br />
If you have NOT yet installed FC6, then you can prevent this mistake at installation. When the booting the CD (or DVD) enter the following at the boot prompt:<br />
<pre>linux i686</pre>If you upgraded from FC5 and find you have the wrong kernel installed follow these steps:<br />
<pre>Download the proper kernel from: <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/" linkindex="36" target="_blank">http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/</a>
Install it: (enter root password when prompted)
# su -c "rpm -Uvh --replacefiles --replacepkgs <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/kernel-2.6.18-1.2798.fc6.i686.rpm" linkindex="37" target="_blank">kernel-2.6.18-1.2798.fc6.i686.rpm</a>"</pre><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="38">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="39">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-41027105323423014362010-04-26T21:17:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:17:01.867-07:00Setup sudo<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="22" name="sudo"></a></span>26 October 2006 <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Fedora Core" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Fedora Core</yoono-highlight>, like all other <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Linux distributions" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Linux distributions</yoono-highlight>, has a root user and has individual users. The root is the “superuser”, somewhat similar to “Administrator” in Windows.<br />
Use your personal account for daily use root only for adminstration/configuration. To run as ‘root’ use <tt>su</tt> or <tt>sudo</tt>. However <tt>sudo</tt> requires setup. As root run:<br />
<pre>echo 'loginname ALL=(ALL) ALL' >> /etc/sudoers
Where 'loginname' is your user account.
Use 'ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' if you don't want to be prompted a password.
If you are prompted for a password with 'sudo' it is the user password, not root.</pre>Example:<br />
<pre>[<strong>mirandam</strong>@charon ~]$ su
Password: <em><--- Enter root password</em>
[root@charon mirandam]# chmod +w /etc/sudoers
[root@charon mirandam]# echo '<strong>mirandam</strong> ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' >> /etc/sudoers
[root@charon mirandam]# chmod -w /etc/sudoers
[root@charon mirandam]# exit
exit</pre><strong>NOTE:</strong> Some users mentioned they require permissions change (<tt>chmod</tt>) because <tt>/etc/sudoers</tt> was read-only. However, I was able to run the above command with the file read-only.<br />
The following is an example of how <tt>sudo</tt> lets you execute root commands:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ du -sh /root
du: `/root': <strong>Permission denied</strong> <em><--- Fails!!!</em>
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo du -sh /root
163M /root <em><--- Works!!!</em></pre><strong>NOTE:</strong> Every command provided on this page will work if you remove <tt>sudo</tt> from the command. However this requires you must be logged in as ‘root’.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="23">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="24">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-34907402998315900722010-04-26T21:15:00.001-07:002010-04-26T21:15:39.980-07:00Setup yum<hr /><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#yum" linkindex="53" name="yum"></a></span>17 January 2007 <a href="http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/yum/en/" linkindex="54" target="_blank">http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/yum/en/</a><br />
Fedora Core uses <tt>yum</tt> to install and update its software. When connected to the internet it will automatically determine application dependancies.<br />
<strong>Fedora Repositories</strong><br />
Fedora has 3 repositories enabled by default: <tt>core</tt> (the same packages that come on CD’s/DVD), <tt>updates</tt> (updated packages, newer than <tt>core</tt>) and <tt>extras</tt> (countless other applications not included on CD’s/DVD).<br />
These repositories ‘sign’ their RPM file’s to make sure they are valid when downloaded. Import the GPG keys to these repositories:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="55">sudo</a> rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/*</pre><strong>Third Party Repositories</strong><br />
For applications that are against Fedora policies (MP3, DVD, MPEG, NTFS, etc). A third party repository should be used. For the purpose of this guide, (most) all needs are met by the <a href="http://livna.org/" linkindex="56" target="_blank">Livna</a> repository. (<strong>Note:</strong> the Livna repository is NOT compatible with the Freshrpms repository.)<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo rpm -ivh <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-6.rpm" linkindex="57" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-6.rpm</a>
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo rpm --import <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY" linkindex="58" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY</a></pre><strong>NOTE: Installation Prompt</strong><br />
After <tt>yum</tt> downloads the application or update requested it will prompt to install. This is good for learners or to keep track of what is happening. Applications can possibly be <strong>UN-installed</strong> in a update as well. If you wish <tt>yum</tt> to automatically install downloads and make changes, run yum with the <tt>-y</tt> (answer “yes”) option.<br />
<pre># sudo yum <strong>-y</strong> install application_name</pre><strong>NOTE: Full System Updates</strong><br />
If you run the following, <em>EVERY SINGLE RPM</em> that has an available update through ANY repository will be updated.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo yum update</pre>Generally speaking this is highly recommended the FIRST time you install Fedora (if you have high speed internet). After that, full system updates are probably less necessary. Keep in mind that updates, may update all their dependancies, which can lead to long download times. Often a new update may break something that already worked. Please understand what you are doing before running continuous updates.<br />
<strong>NOTE: If YUM does not run after first install.</strong><br />
You may see the following error:<br />
<pre>Loading "installonlyn" plugin
Existing lock /var/run/yum.pid: another copy is running. Aborting.</pre>This is because the background YUM updater service is running. To stop it, run:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/yum-updatesd stop</pre><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="59">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="60">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-11750305624257043272010-04-26T21:14:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:14:25.476-07:00Install Nvidia Driver<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#nvidia" linkindex="61" name="nvidia"></a></span> <h4>24 October 2006</h4>Fedora recommends users install a 3rd-party RPM packaged driver instead of using the installer from Nvidia’s website. Currently Livna provides a well packaged driver.<br />
<strong>NOTE:</strong> For users who upgraded from FC5 please read the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#problems" linkindex="62">known bugs and problems</a>.<br />
For <tt>yum</tt> only:<br />
First, setup <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#yum" linkindex="63">Livna Repository</a><br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="64">sudo</a> rpm -ivh <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-6.rpm" linkindex="65" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-6.rpm</a>
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo rpm --import <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY" linkindex="66" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY</a></pre>Install the nvidia driver through Livna:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo yum install kmod-nvidia</pre>If you see the following message, then please read the note below:<br />
<pre>Error: Editing failed, restoring backup</pre>If a kernel update is installed at the same time, then a reboot will be required. If not, then simply log out completely of Gnome or KDE and the Nvidia driver should load. The Nvidia logo will flash quickly once.<br />
For users without <tt>yum</tt><br />
Download the <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY" linkindex="67" target="_blank">GPG Key</a> and run:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo rpm --import RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY</pre>Navigate to <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/" linkindex="68" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/</a> and select your architecture: <tt>i386</tt>, <tt>x86_64</tt> or <tt>ppc</tt>. You will need 2 components: xorg driver and nvidia kernel module.<br />
For xorg driver, select the one matching the latest Nvidia driver (1.0.8776). For example:<br />
<tt>xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-<strong>1.0.8776</strong>-2.lvn6.i386.rpm</tt>.<br />
For nvidia kernel driver you <strong>MUST MATCH YOUR KERNEL</strong>. Use the <tt>uname</tt> command for the proper match. For example:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ uname -rm
<em>2.6.18-1.2798.fc6</em> <strong>i686</strong></pre>Selected: <tt>kmod-nvidia-1.0.8776-1.<em>2.6.18_1.2798</em>.fc6.<strong>i686</strong>.rpm</tt><br />
Install both files at the same time:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo rpm -ivh kmod-nvidia-1.0.8776-1.2.6.18_1.2798.fc6.i686.rpm \
xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-1.0.8776-2.lvn6.i386.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:kmod-nvidia ########################################### [ 50%]
2:xorg-x11-drv-nvidia ########################################### [100%]
<strong>Error: Editing failed, restoring backup</strong> ----- see NOTE below</pre>If you had a previous version of these files before, remove them first with <tt>rpm <strong>-e</strong></tt>.<br />
If you cannot find a perfect match you may will have to update to a kernel that matches from <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/updates/6/" linkindex="69" target="_blank">FC6 Updates</a>.<br />
<strong>Potential Problems</strong><br />
If after installing you see the following error:<br />
<tt>Error: Editing failed, restoring backup</tt><br />
then edit the file <tt>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</tt><br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf</pre>Add the following lines to the END of the file:<br />
<pre>Section "Files"
ModulePath "/usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/nvidia,/usr/lib/xorg/modules"
EndSection
Section "Module"
EndSection</pre><strong>NOTE:</strong> 64-bit users: please use the following line instead:<br />
<pre>ModulePath "/usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions/nvidia,/usr/lib64/xorg/modules"</pre>Re-enable the nvidia driver:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /usr/sbin/nvidia-config-display enable</pre>Once done, logging out of KDE/Gnome and logging back in should initialize the driver. If not, try rebooting.<br />
More information regarding this problem, can be found on the Livna wiki: <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/rlowiki/Packages/xorg-x11-drv-nvidia" linkindex="70" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/rlowiki/Packages/xorg-x11-drv-nvidia</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="71">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="72">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-90027307435478186162010-04-26T21:13:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:13:04.802-07:00GCC Compatibility<h3>8 October 2006</h3>Fedora Core 6 ships and uses GCC 4.1. Some applications that were compiled with an older GCC (ex: 3.2) will require compatibility libraries. Make sure to have the following RPM’s installed. These are included with the FC6 CD-disk3 or DVD or online (ftp, yum, etc).<br />
<pre>compat-libstdc++-33
compat-libstdc++-296</pre>With ‘yum’, run:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="35">sudo</a> yum -y install compat-libstdc++-33 compat-libstdc++-296</pre>The <tt>compat-libstdc++-33</tt> package is required for <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#realplayer" linkindex="36">Realplayer</a> and the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#java" linkindex="37">Sun Java browser plugin</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="38">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="39">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-25124272218837450002010-04-26T21:12:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:12:07.411-07:00Install GCC 3.4<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#gcc3" linkindex="33" name="gcc3"></a></span>26 October 2006 <em>This is an optional step.</em><br />
FC6 includes GCC 4.1 compiler. Some applications will NOT compile in GCC 4.1. You can install GCC 3.4 to allow compiling applications which do not yet support GCC 4.1. Make sure to have the following RPM’s installed. These are included with the FC6 CD’s or DVD or online (ftp, yum, etc).<br />
<pre>compat-gcc-34
compat-gcc-34-c++</pre>With ‘yum’, run:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="34">sudo</a> yum install compat-gcc-34 compat-gcc-34-c++</pre>To use either, run <tt>gcc34</tt> or <tt>g++34</tt>. I have more information on <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/linux/2005/11/15/using-alternate-compilers/" linkindex="35">using alternate compilers</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="36">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="37">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-1491642589392024412010-04-26T21:08:00.001-07:002010-04-26T21:08:59.060-07:00Install GCC 3.4<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#gcc3" linkindex="43" name="gcc3"></a></span>26 October 2006 <em>This is an optional step.</em><br />
FC6 includes GCC 4.1 compiler. Some applications will NOT compile in GCC 4.1. You can install GCC 3.4 to allow compiling applications which do not yet support GCC 4.1. Make sure to have the following RPM’s installed. These are included with the FC6 CD’s or DVD or online (ftp, yum, etc).<br />
<pre>compat-gcc-34
compat-gcc-34-c++</pre>With ‘yum’, run:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="44">sudo</a> yum install compat-gcc-34 compat-gcc-34-c++</pre>To use either, run <tt>gcc34</tt> or <tt>g++34</tt>. I have more information on <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/linux/2005/11/15/using-alternate-compilers/" linkindex="45">using alternate compilers</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="46">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="47">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-32221528628986272432010-04-26T21:07:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:07:08.017-07:00Install Realplayer<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#realplayer" linkindex="66" name="realplayer"></a></span>9 October 2006 Download RealPlayer 10.0 GOLD from: <a href="http://www.real.com/linux/" linkindex="67" target="_blank">http://www.real.com/linux/</a>.<br />
Select: “Advanced Installation <a href="http://www.real.com/realcom/R?href=http%3A%2F%2Fforms%2Ereal%2Ecom%2Freal%2Fplayer%2Fdownload%2Ehtml%3Ff%3Dunix%2FRealPlayer10GOLD%2Erpm" linkindex="68" target="_blank">RedHat Package</a>“<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE:</span></strong> You can have both HelixPlayer and RealPlayer installed, however I recommend using RealPlayer over HelixPlayer. Users of <tt><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#mp3" linkindex="69">amarok</a></tt> may find HelixPlayer required, if so, leave it.<br />
<pre>Check for HelixPlayer:
[mirandam@charon ~]$ rpm -q HelixPlayer
HelixPlayer-1.0.7-4.fc6
Uninstall HelixPlayer:
[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="70">sudo</a> rpm -e HelixPlayer</pre>Before installing RealPlayer, make sure to have the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#compat" linkindex="71"><tt>compat-libstdc++-33</tt> compatibility libraries</a> installed.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo yum install compat-libstdc++-33
Install RealPlayer:
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo rpm -ivh RealPlayer10GOLD.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:RealPlayer ########################################### [100%]</pre>RealPlayer/HelixPlayer Forums: <a href="https://helixcommunity.org/forum/?group_id=154" linkindex="72" target="_blank">https://helixcommunity.org/forum/?group_id=154</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="73">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="74">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-61442143495225003832010-04-26T21:03:00.001-07:002010-04-26T21:03:57.079-07:00Install MP3 Players<hr />17 January 2006 Fedora Core ships without any form of MP3 playback. In order to add MP3 playback you <strong>must install from a 3rd party</strong>. The following requires the use of the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#yum" linkindex="151">Livna</a> repository and Fedora Extras.<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">XMMS</span></strong>: simple, older GUI, minimalistic features (but still popular)<br />
<ul><li>Installation, <tt>yum</tt> users: <pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="152">sudo</a> yum install xmms xmms-mp3</pre></li>
<li>Installation, manual (users without <tt>yum</tt>) (<em>create a directory</em> and download the following):<br />
Obtain <tt>xmms</tt>, <tt>xmms-libs</tt>, <tt>glib</tt> and <tt>gtk+</tt> from Fedora Extras: <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/extras/6/" linkindex="153" target="_blank">http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/extras/6/</a><br />
Obtain <tt>xmms-mp3</tt> package from Livna: <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/" linkindex="154" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/</a><br />
Total required packages, about 3MB: <tt>xmms</tt>, <tt>xmms-libs</tt>, <tt>xmms-mp3</tt>, <tt>glib</tt>, <tt>gtk+</tt>. Go the download directory and install: <pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="155">sudo</a> rpm -ivh xmms* glib* gtk+*</pre>(Note, you should have <tt>mikmod</tt> installed from the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#install" linkindex="156">Individual Package Selection</a>, also on your CD’s/DVD) </li>
<li>Plugin settings: <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Options > Preferences > </span></strong><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Audio I/O Plugins > Input Plugins</span><br />
Disable: <tt>MPEG Layer 1/2/3 Placeholder Plugin [librh_mp3.so]</tt><br />
==> UNCHECK <tt>[ ] Enable Plugin</tt></li>
<li>More detailed instructions from <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc5.html#xmms" linkindex="157" target="_blank">Fedora Core 5 Guide</a></li>
</ul><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Audacious</span></strong>: (A fork of <strong>Beep Media Player – BMP</strong>). XMMS rebuilt to be a little bit more modern. Still basic but much better than XMMS.<br />
<ul><li>Installation, <tt>yum</tt> users: <pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="158">sudo</a> yum install audacious <strong>audacious-plugins-nonfree*</strong>
NOTE: There is a '*' at the end.</pre><strong>NOTE:</strong> Installing <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Audacious</span> will replace BMP (if you have it installed). Attempting to install BMP will actually install Audacious. </li>
<li>Installation, manual (users without <tt>yum</tt>: <ul><li>Create a temporary directory (<tt>audacious</tt>) and download the following. Total required packages, about 2.7MB.</li>
<li>Download <tt>audacious</tt>, <tt>audacious-libs</tt>, <tt>audacious-plugins</tt>, <tt>libbinio</tt>, <tt>libmpcdec</tt>, <tt>libsidplay</tt>, <tt>lirc</tt>, and <tt>taglib</tt> from <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/extras/6/" linkindex="159" target="_blank">Fedora Extras</a></li>
<li>Download the latest versions of <tt>audacious-plugins-nonfree-aac</tt>, <tt>audacious-plugins-nonfree-alac</tt>, <tt>audacious-plugins-nonfree-mp3</tt>, <tt>audacious-plugins-nonfree-wma</tt> from Livna: <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/" linkindex="160" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/</a></li>
<li>Go to the directory and install everything at the same time: <pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ cd audacious
[mirandam@charon audacious]$ sudo rpm -ivh *</pre></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></strong> You cannot run Audacious and XMMS at the same time.</li>
</ul><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rythmbox/Gstreamer</span></strong> – A simple audio application similar to iTunes layout.<br />
<ul><li>Most of Rythmbox and the Gstreamer system should be installed when <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#install" linkindex="161">installing Gnome</a> (mentioned above). The missing components are just the MP3 (and other media) plugins.</li>
<li>For <tt>yum</tt> users: <pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="162">sudo</a> yum install gstreamer-plugins-ugly</pre></li>
<li>Installation, manual (users without <tt>yum</tt>): <ul><li>Create a temporary directory (<tt>gstreamer</tt>) and download the following. Total required packages, about 1MB (<em>if you already have <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#install" linkindex="163">Gnome installed</a></em>).</li>
<li>Download <tt>libdvdread</tt>, <tt>libid3tag</tt>, and <tt>libsidplay</tt> from <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/extras/6/" linkindex="164" target="_blank">Fedora Extras</a></li>
<li>Download the latest versions of <tt>gstreamer-plugins-ugly</tt>, <tt>a52dec</tt>, <tt>lame-libs</tt>, <tt>libmad</tt> and <tt>mpeg2dec</tt> from Livna: <a href="http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/" linkindex="165" target="_blank">http://rpm.livna.org/fedora/6/</a></li>
<li>Go to the directory and install everything at the same time: <pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ cd gstreamer
[mirandam@charon gstreamer]$ sudo rpm -ivh *</pre></li>
</ul></li>
</ul><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Amarok</span></strong> – A modern feature rich media player application.<br />
<ul><li>It is helpful to have <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#install" linkindex="166">KDE installed</a> first (mentioned above).</li>
<li>Installation, <tt>yum</tt>: <pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="167">sudo</a> yum install amarok amarok-extras-nonfree</pre></li>
<li>Users without yum: The dependancies for Amarok have changed since FC6 was released and with over 30MB in downloads, I do not recommend installing manually. (Please contact me if you require further assistance).</li>
<li><strong>Amarok Engine</strong>: Amarok requires you to select an “engine” which can play different media. The current support engines are Xine/Gstreamer and RealPlayer/HelixPlayer. If you installed the <tt>gstreamer-plugins-ugly</tt> or <tt>amarok-extras-nonfree</tt> the Xine engine will be default. (Recommended)</li>
<li>If you require the RealPlayer engine (or the Xine engine will not work), first install <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#realplayer" linkindex="168">Realplayer</a> and make the following changes: Goto:<br />
<em>Settings > Configure Amarok… > Engine</em><br />
<pre>Make the following changes:
Sound System: Helix Engine (hit Apply, then the following edits:)
Helix/Realplay core directory: <strong>/usr/local/RealPlayer/common</strong>
Helix/Realplay plugins directory: <strong>/usr/local/RealPlayer/plugins</strong>
Helix/Realplay codecs directory: <strong>/usr/local/RealPlayer/codecs</strong>
----
Output plugin: <strong>alsa</strong></pre></li>
</ul><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="169">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="170">Resources</a><br />
<hr /> <h3><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#ttf" linkindex="171" name="ttf">Install <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover" keywords="Microsoft" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Microsoft</yoono-highlight> Truetype Fonts</a></h3><h4>8 October 2006</h4><table border="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><strong>NOTE:</strong> <em>Fedora 8</em> users, please read the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-f8.html" linkindex="172">Fedora 8 Guide</a>. <a href="http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/" linkindex="173" target="_blank">http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/</a><br />
You have to make the RPM using the above site. For convenience I have created the RPM (<em>please do not link directly to this file</em>):<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/files/msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm" linkindex="174">msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm</a><br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="175">sudo</a> rpm -ivh msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/xfs restart</pre>Restarting <tt>xfs</tt> may not be necessary. Many programs need only to be restarted. Some older applications, may require you to log out of Gnome or KDE and log back in (reboot NOT required).</td> <td><!--–<br--> google_ad_client = “pub-5258443501063629″;<br />
google_ad_width = 300;<br />
google_ad_height = 250;<br />
google_ad_format = “300x250_as”;<br />
google_ad_type = “text_image”;<br />
//2007-02-28: TTF_MidBox_google<br />
google_ad_channel = “2639491565″;<br />
google_color_border = “FFFFFF”;<br />
google_color_bg = “FFFFFF”;<br />
google_color_link = “0000FF”;<br />
google_color_text = “000000″;<br />
google_color_url = “666666″;<br />
//–><br />
window.google_render_ad();</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="176">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="177">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-6452266197541356202010-04-26T21:01:00.001-07:002010-04-26T21:01:51.672-07:00Disable Unneeded Services/Daemons<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#service" linkindex="48" name="service"></a></span>19 October 2006 Information regarding services and their functions can be found on: <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-services-fc6.html" linkindex="49">Services in Fedora Core 6</a> (<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-services-fc6.html" linkindex="50">http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-services-fc6.html</a>).<br />
For information on how to manage services in Fedora please read: <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-manage-services.html" linkindex="51">Managing Services in Fedora</a> (<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-manage-services.html" linkindex="52">http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-manage-services.html</a>).<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="53">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="54">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-63541004658968554502010-04-26T21:00:00.000-07:002010-04-26T21:00:13.254-07:00Macromedia Flash Plugin<hr /><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#flash" linkindex="34" name="flash"><yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover" keywords="Macromedia
Flash" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)"></yoono-highlight></a></span>17 January 2007 The Macromedia(Adobe) Flash plugin is can be installed either from Adobe’s website or the Macromedia Flash Linux repository (recommended). Please note the plugin will not work directly on 64-bit browsers without some re-configuration.<br />
For <tt>yum</tt> users:<br />
Install the <tt>macromedia.repo</tt> file to your repositories, and install through yum:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ wget http://macromedia.mplug.org/macromedia-i386.repo
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="35">sudo</a> cp macromedia-i386.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo rpm --import http://macromedia.mplug.org/FEDORA-GPG-KEY
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo yum install flash-plugin</pre>For manual installation (users without <tt>yum</tt>):<br />
Go to <a href="http://macromedia.mplug.org/" linkindex="36" target="_blank">http://macromedia.mplug.org/</a> and pick a mirror (USA, Europe). The current version is:<br />
<tt>Current Version: 9.0.31.0 (01/17/2007)<br />
RPM Version: 9.0.31.0-1 (01/17/2007)<br />
</tt><br />
Select:<br />
<tt>Fedora Core flash-plugin (apt, yum rpm)</tt><br />
and save the RPM file to disk: <tt>flash-plugin-9.0.31.0-release.i386.rpm</tt>.<br />
Install:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="37">sudo</a> rpm -ivh flash-plugin-9.0.31.0-release.i386.rpm</pre><strong>NOTE:</strong> The <a href="http://www.adobe.com/support/documentation/en/flashplayer/9/releasenotes.html#fixes_9031" linkindex="38" target="_blank">Flash 9 Release Notes</a> state that only GTK2 based <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Mozilla" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Mozilla</yoono-highlight> browsers (Firefox, Mozilla, Seamonkey) are supported and that other browsers may have stability issues.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="39">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="40">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-84557638223390117892010-04-26T20:58:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:58:58.619-07:00Install Java Plugin<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#java" linkindex="24" name="java"></a></span>30 May 2007 <b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE:</span></b> The following instructions have been switched back to Java 1.5 as version 1.6 has been troublesome. Users who wish to use 1.6 can read <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-f7.html#java" linkindex="25">Fedora 7 – Java</a>.<br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE:</span></b> These instructions are for using Sun Java for the web browser and using Java dependant applications. This is not meant for developers. The official recommendation from Fedora can be found on <a href="http://www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/JavaFAQ" linkindex="26" target="_blank">http://www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/JavaFAQ</a>. However the following instructions are simple for non-developers or users who don’t use yum.<br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE:</span></b> Fedora Core <b>advises AGAINST</b> using the Sun Java RPMyum–>. If you do not use <tt>yum</tt> or do not have any Fedora/GNU java installed this will not affect you. If you are using <tt>yum</tt> and installed the RPM it is recommended to remove it:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ rpm -q jre
jre-1.5.0_09-fcs
[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="27">sudo</a> rpm -e jre</pre>Download the Java package from:<br />
<a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index_jdk5.jsp" linkindex="28" target="_blank">http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index_jdk5.jsp</a><br />
Select: <i>Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 5.0 Update 12</i><br />
On the next page, accept the license agreement, and make sure to select:<br />
<pre><b>Linux self-extracting file</b> jre-1_5_0_12-linux-i586.bin 16.34 MB</pre>To install:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sh jre-1_5_0_12-linux-i586.bin
(type 'yes')
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="29">sudo</a> mv -f jre1.5* /opt/jre1.5
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo ln -s /opt/jre1.5/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/libjavaplugin_oji.so</pre><i>To update:</i> If you update the JRE package, simply delete the <tt>/opt/jre1.5</tt> directory and copy the newer download to <tt>/opt/jre1.5</tt> — No need to run the ‘ln -s’ command.<br />
—<br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Controlling Java through ‘alternatives’</span></b>. When running the <tt>java</tt> command, Fedora will automatically pick the GNU Java, to use Sun’s java do the following:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /usr/sbin/alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /opt/jre1.5/bin/java 2
[mirandam@charon ~]$ echo 2 | sudo /usr/sbin/alternatives --config java
<i>example:</i>
[mirandam@charon ~]$ java -version
java version "1.5.0_10"
Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.5.0_10-b03)
Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 1.5.0_10-b03, mixed mode, sharing)</pre><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="30">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="31">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-83530055861797076572010-04-26T20:56:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:56:28.665-07:00Install Adobe Acrobat<hr /><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#acrobat" linkindex="61" name="acrobat"><yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover" keywords="Adobe
Acrobat" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)"></yoono-highlight></a></span>18 January 2007 To view PDF files, Fedora includes <tt>evince</tt>, however this application is very basic and may not work will all PDF’s.<br />
Download Acrobat from: <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2_allversions.html" linkindex="62" target="_blank">http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2_allversions.html</a><br />
Select:<br />
Operating system: Unix/Linux<br />
Version: Linux (.rpm)<br />
Your language.<br />
The current version of Adobe Acrobat is 7.0.9 and download size is between 42-60MB depending on your language. (Not all languages are supported under Linux).<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="63">sudo</a> rpm -ivh AdobeReader_enu-7.0.9-1.i386.rpm</pre><strong>NOTE:</strong> There is a problem with v7.0.9 (and v7.0.8) that will prevent Acrobat from working in FC6.<br />
To fix, edit as root:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo gedit /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread</pre>Make the following changes:<br />
<pre>Line ~418:
From:
echo $mfile| sed 's/libgtk-x11-\([0-9]*\).0.so.0.\([0-9]\)00.\([0-9]*\)\|\(.*\)/\1\2\3/g'
To:
echo $mfile| sed 's/libgtk-x11-\([0-9]*\).0.so.0.\([0-9]*\)00.\([0-9]*\)\|\(.*\)/\1\2\3/g'
Line ~643:
From:
MIN_GTK_VERSION="240"
To:
MIN_GTK_VERSION="2040"</pre>More information: <a href="http://www.adobeforums.com/cgi-bin/webx/.3bc14512" linkindex="64" target="_blank">http://www.adobeforums.com/cgi-bin/webx/.3bc14512</a><br />
<strong>Patch</strong>: As proposed on the <a href="https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-list/2006-December/msg01360.html" linkindex="65" target="_blank">fedora-list</a> there is a quick solution with this: <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/files/acroread.patch" linkindex="66">acroread.patch</a>. This should do the same steps as above. <strong>Warning</strong>: This patch is only known to work for versions 7.0.8 and 7.0.9.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ wget -O /tmp/acroread.patch http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/files/acroread.patch
[mirandam@charon ~]$ cd /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin
[mirandam@charon bin]$ sudo cp acroread acroread.orig
[mirandam@charon bin]$ sudo patch < /tmp/acroread.patch</pre><strong>Acrobat Browser Plugin</strong><br />
The browser plugin is NOT automatically installed. <em>This is optional.</em> To install it:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo ln -s /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/Browser/intellinux/nppdf.so /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/nppdf.so</pre><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="67">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="68">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-84154429634588492232010-04-26T20:53:00.001-07:002010-04-26T20:53:44.017-07:00Setup Samba – Filesharing with Windows<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#samba" linkindex="28" name="samba"></a></span> <h4>10 October 2006</h4>If you have other Windows computers on your Lan and want to share files with them, you must setup Samba.<br />
To setup Samba you must (1) install samba, (2) add you ‘shares’, (3) add users, (4) start Samba service.<br />
<strong>1. Install Samba</strong><br />
It is best to have Samba installed in the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#install" linkindex="29">installation process</a>. If not <tt>yum</tt> users can install using: <em>Add/Remove Software > Servers > Windows File Server</em>. Users without <tt>yum</tt> can install the following packages from their CD’s (or download): <tt>samba</tt>, <tt>samba-common</tt>, <tt>samba-client</tt>.<br />
<strong>2. Add Shares</strong><br />
You must edit <tt>/etc/samba/smb.conf</tt> as root: (use <tt>nano</tt> instead of <tt>gedit</tt> if you do not have a GUI)<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf</pre>Set your Windows Workgroup name in <tt>[global]</tt> section.<br />
Added shares at the end of the file. Example:<br />
<pre>[c_drive]
path = /media/c_drive
public = yes
writable = no
[netshare]
path = /data/
public = yes
writable = yes</pre>If <tt>'writable'</tt> the location <strong>must be</strong> writable in Linux first.<br />
If home data (all personal files under <tt>/home/username</tt>) is to be accessible, then set <tt>'browseable = yes'</tt> under <tt>[homes]</tt> (~line 166). This configuration file is <em>very descriptive</em>, read through it to get more ideas or information.<br />
<strong>3. Add Users</strong><br />
To access shares, you must be a valid user. Add valid <em>users AND passwords</em> using the <tt>smbpasswd</tt> command.<br />
This login name WILL be the login name and password you use <strong>from Windows</strong> to access your Linux computer. The password does <strong>NOT need to match</strong> your Linux password.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="30">sudo</a> smbpasswd -a username
New SMB password:
Retype new SMB password:
account_policy_get: (<em>warnings ignore</em>)
Added user username.</pre>(Note: <tt>'username'</tt> must be a valid account on the machine)<br />
<strong>4. Start Samba Service</strong><br />
Run samba and check for any errors:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/smb start
Starting SMB services: [ OK ]
Starting NMB services: [ OK ]</pre>Use <tt>chkconfig</tt> or <tt>serviceconf</tt> to enable samba (<tt>smb</tt>) in both runlevels 3 and 5. This will make sure to run Samba each time Fedora boots.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ /sbin/chkconfig --list smb
smb 0:off 1:off 2:off <strong>3:off</strong> 4:off <strong>5:off</strong> 6:off
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /sbin/chkconfig --level 35 smb on
[mirandam@charon ~]$ /sbin/chkconfig --list smb
smb 0:off 1:off 2:off <strong>3:on</strong> 4:off <strong>5:on</strong> 6:off</pre>Restart Samba for every change to users/passwords or <tt>'smb.conf'</tt><br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/smb restart
Shutting down SMB services: [ OK ]
Shutting down NMB services: [ OK ]
Starting SMB services: [ OK ]
Starting NMB services: [ OK ]</pre>————–<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Firewall and SELinux Users</span></strong><br />
Run <tt>system-config-securitylevel</tt><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Firewall Options</span>:<br />
To allow Samba access to work through your firewall you must set ‘Samba’ as a ‘Trusted service’.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">SELinux</span>:<br />
Modify SELinux Policy > Samba Disable SELinux protection for smbd daemon<br />
On the command line you can run:<br />
<pre>[root@charon ~]# setsebool -P smbd_disable_trans 1</pre>Run <tt>man samba_selinux</tt> for more help.<br />
For any changes made above to the SELinux settings or smb.conf, it is recommended to restart Samba.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="31">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="32">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-82529921092431253282010-04-26T20:52:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:52:39.262-07:00Mount NTFS Partitions<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#ntfs" linkindex="69" name="ntfs"></a></span>30 May 2007 <!--–<br--> google_ad_client = “pub-5258443501063629″;<br />
google_ad_width = 300;<br />
google_ad_height = 250;<br />
google_ad_format = “300x250_as”;<br />
google_ad_type = “text_image”;<br />
//2007-02-28: MidBox_google<br />
google_ad_channel = “6336769297″;<br />
google_color_border = “FFFFFF”;<br />
google_color_bg = “FFFFFF”;<br />
google_color_link = “0000FF”;<br />
google_color_text = “000000″;<br />
google_color_url = “CCCCCC”;<br />
//–><br />
window.google_render_ad();<ins><ins></ins></ins><br />
Windows uses a different filesystem (NTFS) to store files. In order for Fedora to read that filesystem, you require NTFS support in your kernel. You can either recompile your kernel for NTFS read support -OR- obtain the proper kernel module.<br />
<strong>NOTE:</strong> For users who upgraded from FC5 please first read the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#problems" linkindex="70">known bugs and problems</a>.<br />
To setup NTFS access you must (1) install NTFS support, (2) check how many partitions you have, (3) create mount points, (4) mount partitions, and (5) update <tt>fstab</tt> to mount at next boot.<br />
<strong>NOTE:</strong> Previously Livna was recommended. However that solution has been known to be problematic in that it <em>may</em> update your kernel, which is normal behaviour. It is recommended to use NTFS-3G instead as it is supported in Fedora Extras and does NOT require kernel updates/upgrades. NTFS-3G also provides safe read-write access. (However SELinux may cause some problems for NTFS-3G.)<br />
<strong>1. Install NTFS Support</strong><br />
For <tt>yum</tt> users:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="71">sudo</a> yum install fuse fuse-libs ntfs-3g ntfsprogs ntfsprogs-gnomevfs</pre>Users without yum, download <tt>fuse</tt>, <tt>fuse-lib</tt> and <tt>ntfs-3g</tt> (<tt>ntfsprogs</tt> and <tt>ntfsprogs-gnomevfs</tt> are optional) from <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/extras/6/" linkindex="72" target="_blank">Fedora Extras</a>. Save them to a separate directory (<tt>ntfs</tt>). They are less than 1MB download.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ cd ntfs
[mirandam@charon ntfs]$ sudo rpm -ivh fuse* ntfs*</pre>No kernel version checking is required, so long as you are using a FC6 kernel.<br />
<strong>2. Check Your Partitions</strong><br />
Use <tt>fdisk</tt> to list partitions. Most ATA hard drives will be <tt>/dev/hda</tt>. Drives may also show up as <tt>/dev/hdb</tt>, <tt>/dev/sda</tt> depending on your configuration.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /sbin/fdisk -lu <strong>/dev/hda</strong> | grep NTFS
/dev/hda1 * 63 33559784 16779861 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/hda2 33559785 67119569 16779892+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/hda3 67119570 100679354 16779892+ 7 HPFS/NTFS</pre>Usually the first will be a drive “letter”: C drive, next D, etc. Hence <tt>/dev/hda1</tt> is my C:\ drive used by Windows.<br />
<strong>3. Create Mount Points</strong><br />
For every partition in step 2 that you wish to access, you will need a “mount point”. A mount point is just a directory. Common directories are: <tt>/media/</tt> and <tt>/mnt/</tt>. Use whichever, but be consistent.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ cd /media/
[mirandam@charon media]$ sudo mkdir c_drive d_drive e_drive</pre>You do not have to use these names, if you prefer to create folders such as movies, documents, or winxp, any name will work (<em>without spaces</em>).<br />
<strong>4. Mount Partitions</strong><br />
Using NTFS-3G, we can mount the NTFS partition read-write, however it is recommended for novices as read-only. The following mounts and sets the permissions so all users can read the contents of each partition.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/c_drive -t ntfs-3g -r -o umask=0222
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo mount /dev/hda2 /media/d_drive -t ntfs-3g -r -o umask=0222
[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo mount /dev/hda3 /media/e_drive -t ntfs-3g -r -o umask=0222</pre><strong>Read/Write Access</strong>: The above is for <em>read-only</em> access. In order to mount read/write, you must use the <tt>-rw -o umask=0000</tt>. Example:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/c_drive -t ntfs-3g <strong>-rw -o umask=0000</strong></pre><em>HIGHLY RECOMMENDED</em>: Please run <tt>man mount</tt> to understand what <tt>umask=</tt> does.<br />
<strong>5. Update /etc/fstab</strong><br />
Every time Fedora boots, the partitions must be mounted. To automatically mount, you must edit <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>.<br />
Open <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> in an editor: (use <tt>nano</tt> instead of <tt>gedit</tt> if you do not have a GUI)<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo gedit /etc/fstab</pre>Add these lines to the END of the file:<br />
<pre>/dev/hda1 /media/c_drive ntfs-3g ro,defaults,umask=0222 0 0
/dev/hda2 /media/d_drive ntfs-3g ro,defaults,umask=0222 0 0
/dev/hda3 /media/e_drive ntfs-3g ro,defaults,umask=0222 0 0</pre><strong>Read/Write Access</strong>: The above is for <em>read-only</em> access. In order to mount read/write, you must use the <tt>rw,defaults,umask=0000</tt>. Example:<br />
<pre>/dev/hda1 /media/c_drive ntfs-3g <strong>rw</strong>,defaults,<strong>umask=0000</strong> 0 0</pre>Done!<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE: SELinux Problems</span></strong><br />
Users of SELinux will fix Fedora blocks the automounting of ntfs partitions when using NTFS-3G. This is a <a href="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=211767" linkindex="73" target="_blank">Fedora/SELinux bug</a>, not NTFS-3G. Some support can be found on the <a href="http://ntfs-3g.org/support.html#questions" linkindex="74" target="_blank">NTFS-3G support page.</a>. However for now users can mount everything when they log in by running:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo mount -a</pre><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE for FAT32 users</span></strong><br />
If you have FAT32 or FAT16 partitions, instead of <tt>ntfs-3g</tt> above you can use <tt>vfat</tt> to mount your partitions. No extra modules or downloads are required, this is built into the kernel. Just replace <tt>vfat</tt> for every place we have <tt>ntfs-3g</tt> when mounting and when editting <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>.<br />
FAT32/FAT16 read <strong>and</strong> write is supported. If you wish to mount read/write, then use: <tt>'-rw'</tt> for Step <strong>4. Mounting Partitions</strong>, and <tt>'rw,defaults,umask=0000 0 0'</tt> for Step <strong>5. Updating /etc/fstab</strong>.<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE for Livna NTFS Modules</span></strong><br />
The Livna NTFS modules are <em>read-only access</em>. I do not recommend using them due to the kernel dependancy. If you require them or NTFS-3G will not work then first setup the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#yum" linkindex="75">Livna</a> repository. Then you can install them:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo yum install kmod-ntfs</pre>For all the above changes you should use <tt>ntfs</tt> instead of <tt>ntfs-3g</tt>.<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="76">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="77">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-32144127124197510022010-04-26T20:49:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:49:25.129-07:00Disable IPv6 Features<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#ipv6" linkindex="33" name="ipv6"></a></span>31 May 2007 <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE:</span></strong> If there is a real problem which is solved by disabling IPv6, then that is not normal — that means there is a bug either in Fedora or (more likely these days) a problem with the local network (or nameservers) which should be reported and fixed. If there’s a <em>real problem</em> you should report the problem in Redhat bugzilla or to your ISP/network admin.<br />
FC6 has the most IPv6 support than in previous releases. Most likely you do not use IPv6. If you wish to eliminate the slight extra resources consumed by enabling IPv6, then you may do the following steps.<br />
This may speed up your DNS lookup times when using the internet.<br />
<strong>Disable IPv6 Networking Support</strong><br />
Edit <tt>/etc/sysconfig/network</tt>. (A reboot will be required)<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="34">sudo</a> gedit /etc/sysconfig/network
Change:
NETWORKING_IPV6=yes
To:
NETWORKING_IPV6=no</pre><strong>Disable IPv6 Protocol Stack for Kernel</strong><br />
Edit <tt>/etc/modprobe.conf</tt>.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="35">sudo</a> gedit /etc/modprobe.conf</pre>Add the following 2 lines: (A reboot will be required)<br />
<pre>alias net-pf-10 off
alias ipv6 off</pre><strong>Disable IPv6 Firewall</strong><br />
Stop ipv6 firewall:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/ip6tables stop
Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ]
Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: filter [ OK ]
Unloading ip6tables modules: [ OK ]</pre>Turn ipv6 firewall off during future usage:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ sudo /sbin/chkconfig --level 35 ip6tables off</pre><strong>Issue with <tt>localhost</tt></strong><br />
In <tt>/etc/hosts</tt>, the following entry for <tt>localhost</tt> using IPv6 can be removed:<br />
<pre>::1 localhost.localdomain localhost</pre>If you choose to remove the above IPv6 entry, then you must keep the following IPv4 entry for localhost:<br />
<pre>127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost</pre>Some applications may have problems with this (Gnome).<br />
<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="36">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="37">Resources</a><br />
<!–artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-31157568387499586682010-04-26T20:48:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:48:09.442-07:00Setting Login Screen Defaults<pre><u>1 March 2006</u>
<b>Incomplete</b>
EDIT /etc/sysconfig/desktop
<b>Default Login to KDE</b>: Fedora by default makes everyone login to Gnome.
If you prefer everyone to login to KDE by default.
CHANGE from
DESKTOP="GNOME"
to:
DESKTOP="KDE"
<b>KDE Login Manager</b>: Fedora by default uses the Gnome Login Manager (gdm).
If you prefer to use the KDE Login Manager (kdm).
ADD the line:
DISPLAYMANAGER="KDE"
<b>Changing Preferences</b>: You can change the preferences for login managers.
For Gnome/gdm: Run 'gdmsetup'
For KDE/kdm: Run the KDE Control Center > System Administration > Login Manager.</pre><a href="http://donnys3029.wordpress.com/music/#menu" linkindex="21">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources.php" linkindex="22">Home</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-78492084528159316692010-04-26T20:46:00.001-07:002010-04-26T20:46:45.105-07:00Install Kernel Headers<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#kernelheaders" linkindex="151" name="kernelheaders"></a>11 October 2006 This package provides kernel headers and makefiles sufficient to build modules against the kernel package. The kernel headers are necessary if you require to install a driver (for example: Nvidia, ndiswrapper, Cisco VPN, etc.). If a driver requires kernel sources, it may be sufficient to install only the kernel headers.<br />
The kernel headers The Kernel Headers are available through the <tt>kernel-devel</tt> RPM. This may or may not be installed by Fedora. This package can be installed from your FC6 CD’s, DVD’s or online through FTP or <tt>yum</tt>.<br />
Look on online <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/" linkindex="30" target="_blank">online</a> and make sure you match your system, using the <tt>uname</tt> command. For example:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ uname -rm
<strong>2.6.18-1.2747.fc6 i686</strong>
Select: kernel-devel-<strong>2.6.18-1.2747.fc6.i686</strong>.rpm</pre>If you have updated your kernel (using <tt>yum</tt>), then it is recommended you use <tt>yum</tt> to install the package:<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="31">sudo</a> yum install kernel-devel</pre><a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#menu" linkindex="32">Top</a> <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/" linkindex="33">Resources</a>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-66186743832411771522010-04-26T20:45:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:45:12.905-07:00Install Kernel Source<a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#kernelsrc" linkindex="156" name="kernelsrc"></a> <h4>31 October 2006</h4>Installing the kernel source is <strong>typically NOT needed</strong> unless you wish to re-compile your kernel or for some special development. However in some cases the <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#kernelheaders" linkindex="220">kernel headers</a> may be required.<br />
There are 3 basic steps involved in installing the kernel source.<br />
<ol><li>Download the desired kernel source (matching your current kernel <em>if required</em>)</li>
<li>Installing the SRC.RPM package</li>
<li>Using rpmbuild to prepare the source into a usable state</li>
</ol><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTE:</span></strong> Following these steps will consume at least <strong>~500MB</strong> of disk space!<br />
<strong>1. Download the Kernel Source</strong><br />
<strong>Obtaining Kernel Source (for <span style="text-decoration: underline;">default</span> FC6 kernel)</strong><br />
The <strong>default</strong> kernel source can be found through any Fedora mirror. Look in the directory “/SRPMS/” under the “/6/” directory . For example: <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/source/SRPMS/" linkindex="221" target="_blank">http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/6/source/SRPMS/</a>.<br />
<tt>kernel-2.6.18-1.2798.fc6.src.rpm 16-Oct-2006 22:26 44M</tt><br />
<strong>Obtaining Kernel Source (for <span style="text-decoration: underline;">updated</span> FC6 kernel)</strong><br />
If you updated your kernel, then the typically the last 2 or 3 releases of the source of the kernel will be available though the Fedora updates. <em>IF YOU REQUIRE</em> you can (try to) match the kernel source with your running kernel.<br />
Look in the update directory on most Fedora mirror sites. For example: <a href="http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/updates/6/SRPMS/" linkindex="222" target="_blank">http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/updates/6/SRPMS/</a>.<br />
<strong>Obtaining Kernel Source through ‘yum’ (for <strong>latest</strong> FC6 kernel)</strong><br />
There are yum utilities which will download the <em>LATEST</em> kernel source. If it does not find anything, then there are no updates (yet) use the DEFAULT Fedora kernel source.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon ~]$ <a href="http://www.mjmwired.net/resources/mjm-fedora-fc6.html#sudo" linkindex="223">sudo</a> yum install yum-utils
[mirandam@charon ~]$ cd downloads
[mirandam@charon downloads]$ yumdownloader --source kernel --enablerepo updates-source</pre><strong>2. Install the Kernel Source</strong><br />
Install the kernel.src.rpm that you chose to download in the previous steps.<br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo rpm -ivh kernel-2.6.18-1.2798.fc6.src.rpm
1:kernel ########################################### [100%]</pre>Ignore, group does not exist or user does not exist errors.<br />
<strong>3. Prepare the Source</strong><br />
<pre>[mirandam@charon downloads]$ sudo rpmbuild -bp --target=<strong>$(uname -m)</strong> /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/kernel-2.6.spec</pre>The source files will be properly located in <tt>/usr/src/redhat/BUILD/kernel-2.6.18/</tt>. There are 2 useful directories:<br />
<ol><li><tt>linux-2.6.18.<strong>ARCH</strong>/</tt><br />
This will have the standard kernel.org kernel WITH Fedora patches and updates. The ARCH architecture will match the output of <tt>uname -m</tt>, usually <tt>i686</tt>. You may use <tt>noarch</tt> for the <tt>target=</tt> option if you wish.</li>
<li><tt>vanilla/</tt><br />
This will have the standard kernel.org kernel ONLY (no patches or updates).</li>
</ol><strong>NOTE:</strong> Users of <tt>x86_64</tt> architecture may experience the following error:<br />
<pre>error: Failed build dependencies:
unifdef is needed by kernel-2.6.18-1.2798.x86_64</pre>To fix, run <tt>sudo yum install unifdef</tt>.artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-78693690775427652322010-04-26T20:42:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:42:27.016-07:00Define Alien<div class="post-148 page type-page hentry category-uncategorized post" id="post-148"> <div class="snap_preview"><ul class="std" type="disc"><li>foreigner: a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country</li>
<li>transfer property or ownership; “The will aliened the property to the heirs”</li>
<li>stranger: anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found</li>
<li>not contained in or deriving from the essential nature of something; “an <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="economic theory" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">economic theory</yoono-highlight> alien to the spirit of capitalism”; “the mysticism so foreign to the French mind and temper”; “jealousy is foreign to her nature”</li>
<li>estrange: arouse hostility or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness; “She alienated her friends when she became fanatically religious”</li>
<li>extraterrestrial being: a form of life assumed to exist outside the Earth or its atmosphere</li>
<li>being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world; “alien customs”; “exotic plants in a greenhouse”; “exotic cuisine”<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=0&oi=define&q=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn%3Fs%3Dalien&usg=AFQjCNFQWZSziIWQ0NVtglQhelE3qLc1nA" linkindex="453"><span style="color: green;">wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn</span></a></li>
<li>Alien is a culturally influential 1979 science-fiction <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="horror film" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">horror film</yoono-highlight>, directed by Ridley Scott and starring <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Sigourney" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Sigourney</yoono-highlight> Weaver. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=7&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28film%29&usg=AFQjCNGtT7F_nr0voudx6C7q3mMceSMLag" linkindex="454"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(film)</span></a></li>
<li>The Alien was a <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="science fiction
film" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">science fiction film</yoono-highlight> under production in the late 1960s which was eventually cancelled. The film was being directed by Bengali Indian director <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Satyajit Ray" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Satyajit Ray</yoono-highlight> and produced by <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Hollywood" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Hollywood</yoono-highlight> studio <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Columbia" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Columbia</yoono-highlight> Pictures. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=8&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alien&usg=AFQjCNFnPDBB4LYDeBilPQGPAe4Ju35IkQ" linkindex="455"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alien</span></a></li>
<li>Illegal immigration refers to immigration across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=9&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28person%29&usg=AFQjCNEjxkgkb7gZQKjCRaxf9mIc2-cnmg" linkindex="456"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(person)</span></a></li>
<li>In popular cultures, life forms–especially intelligent life forms, that are of extraterrestrial origin, i.e. not coming from the Earth–are referred to collectively as aliens, or sometimes visitors.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=10&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28popular_culture%29&usg=AFQjCNEZN0qM8vYHrKqHmhdI0SqYsyV0dw" linkindex="457"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(popular_culture)</span></a></li>
<li>“Alien” is a song by Christian rock band Third Day, and the first single from their second album Conspiracy No. 5. The song was released on 1997. The song’s lyrics describe the status of Christians among people, feeling as aliens. The song is based in the Scriptures of the <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Gospel of John" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Gospel of John</yoono-highlight> 15:18-19.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=11&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28Third_Day_song%29&usg=AFQjCNGhm2b-o-FstcNi_7N6BZR4BynJmA" linkindex="458"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(Third_Day_song)</span></a></li>
<li>The alien, also called the xenomorph, is a fictional parasitoid extraterrestrial species that is the primary antagonist of the Alien film series. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=12&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28Alien_franchise%29&usg=AFQjCNEwqvMcD2lr0ioR9eI2RCJB8lb-_Q" linkindex="459"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(Alien_franchise)</span></a></li>
<li>The alien is a device used in literature to signify elements foreign, ignored, repressed, or marginalized in a given society. The alien can also offer an outside perspective, illuminating the complexities and/or exposing the hypocrisies and irrationalities in a set social norms.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=13&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28signifier%29&usg=AFQjCNGTIEby1zYt8OaA95YhexavYI5MCQ" linkindex="460"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(signifier)</span></a></li>
<li><yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Extraterrestrial
life" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Extraterrestrial life</yoono-highlight> is life originating outside of the Earth. It is the subject of astrobiology, and its existence remains hypothetical. There is no credible evidence of extraterrestrial life that has been widely accepted by the scientific community. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=14&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28extraterrestrial%29&usg=AFQjCNGmPKrwbuzLJDEnhJt-FIGGzAy6jA" linkindex="461"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(extraterrestrial)</span></a></li>
<li>“Alien” is one of Pennywise’s well-known singles. It appeared on their 1999 album Straight Ahead.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=15&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28song%29&usg=AFQjCNHSrHCCRBBT9ta03AGr_5_bXQtdEg" linkindex="462"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(song)</span></a></li>
<li>Alien is a computer program that converts between different Linux package formats. It supports conversion between <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Linux Standard Base" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Linux Standard Base</yoono-highlight>, RPM, deb, Stampede (.slp), Solaris (.pkg) and Slackware (.tgz) packages. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=16&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28software%29&usg=AFQjCNH9gi52iEuz0dKg3TiCOJbtw3C7HQ" linkindex="463"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(software)</span></a></li>
<li>Alien is the fourth album by Canadian extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad. It was released on March 22, 2005.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=17&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28album%29&usg=AFQjCNFzcueLsIjoOJOb1cqrl8KxEHYqIA" linkindex="464"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(album)</span></a></li>
<li>Alien is a turn-based strategy game that was created by Avalon Hill in 1982. It borrows heavily from concepts in the 1979 film Alien.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=18&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28Avalon_Hill%29&usg=AFQjCNF34Fc8Q9cki4KxONg3kp6bSCotGw" linkindex="465"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(Avalon_Hill)</span></a></li>
<li>This is a chronological list of games in the Alien and Predator science fiction franchises, including video games, trading card games, and other game varieties.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=19&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28Atari_2600%29&usg=AFQjCNGw8jZsDUCVG8d3EmrksW27BKbQAg" linkindex="466"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(Atari_2600)</span></a></li>
<li>An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an organism that is not indigenous to a given location but instead has been accidentally or deliberately introduced to a new location by human activity or by natural means. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=20&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28biology%29&usg=AFQjCNGFQDk-y-_C2WoeJ13yU2iRajYciQ" linkindex="467"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(biology)</span></a></li>
<li>AliEn is a lightweight Grid framework developed by CERN. It is built around Open Source components using the combination of Web Service and …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=21&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AliEn_%28ALICE_Environment%29&usg=AFQjCNELOog6WR9_MoIV0S0B-db6gmCW7w" linkindex="468"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AliEn_(ALICE_Environment)</span></a></li>
<li>In U.S. law, an alien is a term Americans use for a person (person includes both corporations and humans) who is not a citizen of the United …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=22&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28law%29&usg=AFQjCNEJdUUEJBym8ex_tzj7bv4ZRLDnBg" linkindex="469"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)</span></a></li>
<li>The iconic, avante garde, score to the film Alien was composed by <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Jerry Goldsmith" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Jerry Goldsmith</yoono-highlight>, it is considered one of his best, most visceral scores. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=23&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28soundtrack%29&usg=AFQjCNEhXy0Kvt4mmf3KW1fK2eWPr8C1yQ" linkindex="470"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(soundtrack)</span></a></li>
<li>The Alien film series is a science fiction horror film franchise, focusing on Lieutenant <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Ellen Ripley" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Ellen Ripley</yoono-highlight> (played by <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Sigourney Weaver" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Sigourney Weaver</yoono-highlight>) and her battle with an extraterrestrial lifeform. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=24&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28franchise%29&usg=AFQjCNGeSJf24Tp6AtLCp5pfZk_n4W787Q" linkindex="471"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(franchise)</span></a></li>
<li>The Alien is the eighth book in the Animorphs series, written by K. A. Applegate. It is narrated by Ax.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=25&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alien_%28Animorphs%29&usg=AFQjCNHcLK7xbWJKuvBSwQUxybRnqdwAbw" linkindex="472"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alien_(Animorphs)</span></a></li>
<li>A person, animal, plant or other thing which is from outside the family, group, organization, or territory under consideration; A foreigner …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=26&oi=define&q=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alien&usg=AFQjCNHUt8K47en4CHcbWAZg2SWNCF9OXw" linkindex="473"><span style="color: green;">en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alien</span></a></li>
<li>alienage – the quality of being alien<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=27&oi=define&q=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn%3Fs%3Dalienage&usg=AFQjCNGxOLwx0YI7ro0IETQq1VjWxebyzg" linkindex="474"><span style="color: green;">wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn</span></a></li>
<li>Aliens is a novel by Mary Tappan Wright. It was first published in hardcover by Charles Scribner’s Sons in March, 1902. It was wright’s first published novel and second published book. It was reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, in June, 2007.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=28&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_%281902_novel%29&usg=AFQjCNF5YBABEfDezRwz1XuMHUJ7AGsxGQ" linkindex="475"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_(1902_novel)</span></a></li>
<li>Aliens – Non-citizens or aliens (nepilsoņi) in Latvian law are individuals who are not citizens of Latvia or any other country but, who, in accordance with the Latvian law “Regarding the status of citizens of the former USSR who possess neither Latvian nor other citizenship”, have the right to a non …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=29&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_%28Latvia%29&usg=AFQjCNHa6FCMefNb6VUZsHEXLu0kImlJJg" linkindex="476"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_(Latvia)</span></a></li>
<li>The Aliens are a Scottish band consisting of former Beta Band members <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Gordon Anderson" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Gordon Anderson</yoono-highlight> (aka Lone Pigeon, lead vocals, guitar), <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="John Maclean" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">John Maclean</yoono-highlight> (keyboards, <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="backing vocals" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">backing vocals</yoono-highlight>) and Robin Jones (drums, backing vocals). …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=30&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aliens&usg=AFQjCNHuFV-62jeEv4o1qSZmq8exr4Mxqw" linkindex="477"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aliens</span></a></li>
<li>Aliens is the key word in the titles of a number of comic book limited series and one-shots, first published by <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Dark Horse Comics" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Dark Horse Comics</yoono-highlight> in 1988 and set in the Alien fictional universe. Some stories often feature the company Weyland-Yutani and the United States Colonial Marines. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=31&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_%28comic_book%29&usg=AFQjCNETEc0wsbeO3z6ZqvzT5ezV0gDIzA" linkindex="478"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_(comic_book)</span></a></li>
<li>The Aliens novels are an extension of the Alien franchise. Up until 1998, the novels were published by Bantam Books and were all adaptations of …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=32&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_%28novel_series%29&usg=AFQjCNEbL-IXb4VUZDt6bZjc3ZQWq_eJlg" linkindex="479"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_(novel_series)</span></a></li>
<li>The Aliens – Alien Invaders of the DC Comics universe first appeared in Armeggeddon: Alien Agenda #1. The comic depicted a race of aliens stranded on Earth millions of years ago only to have Earth colonized. Their leader Prime-one teamed up with Monarch. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=33&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aliens_%28DC_comics%29&usg=AFQjCNH5N_jU0WJsJ4ZtxpS8x5oSU8upOg" linkindex="480"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aliens_(DC_comics)</span></a></li>
<li>Aliens – The score to the movie Aliens composed by <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="James Horner" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">James Horner</yoono-highlight>, released in 1987, was one of his first big hollywood scores, he was relatively unknown when it was released; the score was cut up and cues were used in places they weren’t supposed to be used in. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=34&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_%28score%29&usg=AFQjCNGcRvkHmhih5hGNtct-UzHbtJywUA" linkindex="481"><span style="color: green;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_(score)</span></a></li>
<li>alienly – In an alien manner<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=35&oi=define&q=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alienly&usg=AFQjCNHHef_YlKKSuMNMANdfXlQyGLF37Q" linkindex="482"><span style="color: green;">en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alienly</span></a></li>
<li>person who is not a citizen of the country in which he or she lives.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=36&oi=define&q=http://www.historycentral.com/Civics/a.html&usg=AFQjCNGuMBPMibsQkp4gBdWPLbI7YALG7g" linkindex="483"><span style="color: green;">www.historycentral.com/Civics/a.html</span></a></li>
<li>(also known as exotic, introduced, or nonnative) Refers to any organism that enters an ecosystem beyond its normal range through deliberate or …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=37&oi=define&q=http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/SOER/1996report/Doc/1-10-1.cfm&usg=AFQjCNHlow7jgvCO4TL6cWxslfb2F_ccYA" linkindex="484"><span style="color: green;">www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/SOER/1996report/Doc/1-10-1.cfm</span></a></li>
<li>An individual who is not a US citizen or US national.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=38&oi=define&q=http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/international/article/0,,id%3D129236,00.html&usg=AFQjCNGMZgxS1H1zTSrmbCfuURl45zdxTQ" linkindex="485"><span style="color: green;">www.irs.gov/businesses/small/international/article/0,,id=129236,00.html</span></a></li>
<li>a noncitizen living in the United States<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=39&oi=define&q=http://www.indianahistory.org/programming/immigration/glossary/index.html&usg=AFQjCNE7yxdcqbjSs_bwzmWgM-mEQQ_CnQ" linkindex="486"><span style="color: green;">www.indianahistory.org/programming/immigration/glossary/index.html</span></a></li>
<li>a foreigner, or person born in another country, and therefore not entitled to the rights and privileges of the country where he resides. Among the Hebrews there were two classes of aliens.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=40&oi=define&q=http://www.godweb.org/blT0000100.htm&usg=AFQjCNEpsFdPzLprK3a-V-j9oAsgGpPJdA" linkindex="487"><span style="color: green;">www.godweb.org/blT0000100.htm</span></a></li>
<li>A citizen of a foreign country living in a host country.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=41&oi=define&q=http://www.caltia.com/education/terms.html&usg=AFQjCNFzw9EeR4S2KWdRHMphRbIc_WlREg" linkindex="488"><span style="color: green;">www.caltia.com/education/terms.html</span></a></li>
<li>Any person not a citizen or national of the United States.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=42&oi=define&q=http://www.nallaseth.com/documents/GlossaryA-F.htm&usg=AFQjCNEz0tlKMWOZICpjD4YrKYr57Lt0vg" linkindex="489"><span style="color: green;">www.nallaseth.com/documents/GlossaryA-F.htm</span></a></li>
<li>someone physically present in the US who is not a US citizen. Among others, the term includes: temporary visitors, legal permanent residents, and undocumented individuals. Many advocates feel this term has a negative connotation. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=43&oi=define&q=http://www.immigrationequality.org/template.php%3Fpageid%3D26&usg=AFQjCNFpZ8niJUV6zkDx5wmV0EtxQJD8Nw" linkindex="490"><span style="color: green;">www.immigrationequality.org/template.php</span></a></li>
<li>There are two kinds of troublesome plant species in natural areas. Members of the first group are called aliens or exotics. These are plants that are not native to the flora of the region in which they are found. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=44&oi=define&q=http://sain.sunsite.utk.edu/invasives/inv_plant_pest_def.shtml&usg=AFQjCNHEsH1xVbIe3PbF40uORFQwDg3BFg" linkindex="491"><span style="color: green;">sain.sunsite.utk.edu/invasives/inv_plant_pest_def.shtml</span></a></li>
<li>A species not native to the <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="British Isles" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">British Isles</yoono-highlight> or Ireland.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=45&oi=define&q=http://www.britainsorchids.fieldguide.co.uk/%3FP%3Dtech_terms%26SHC%3D1%26PSD%3D1&usg=AFQjCNGqi5hvHE3gYdtnoPbwxwhfXAc8AQ" linkindex="492"><span style="color: green;">www.britainsorchids.fieldguide.co.uk/</span></a></li>
<li>A foreign-born resident who is not a naturalised citizen.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=46&oi=define&q=http://www.connections-exhibition.org/index.php%3Fxml%3Dthe_project/using_the_site/glossary.xml&usg=AFQjCNFHHfRktGYE87TMqDhCeOq7UHo0Sw" linkindex="493"><span style="color: green;">www.connections-exhibition.org/index.php</span></a></li>
<li>a species that has been introduced into an area beyond its native range. Invasions can result in losses of native species, changes in community structure and function, and alterations of the physical structure of the system.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=47&oi=define&q=http://www.bio.txstate.edu/%7Ewetlands/Glossary/glossary.html&usg=AFQjCNGa88l57k68CeGLxchpki2g5cprPQ" linkindex="494"><span style="color: green;">www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html</span></a></li>
<li>Foreign or from another world/place<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=48&oi=define&q=http://myths.e2bn.org/mythsandlegends/563-glossary.html&usg=AFQjCNHdcolD6YkhuY6MoqdFgNQDQz89UQ" linkindex="495"><span style="color: green;">myths.e2bn.org/mythsandlegends/563-glossary.html</span></a></li>
<li>A species occurring in an area to which it is not native. A plant or animal species introduced very recently, and usually by humans.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=49&oi=define&q=http://www.bcgrasslands.org/glossary.htm&usg=AFQjCNHQxjh9_m3dxlhQIyscDAS-SWkkwQ" linkindex="496"><span style="color: green;">www.bcgrasslands.org/glossary.htm</span></a></li>
<li>species not naturally found in an area (introduced from elsewhere, generally with the help of humans, in recent history)<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=50&oi=define&q=http://fred.csir.co.za/plants/global/glossary.htm&usg=AFQjCNF2BBorVUlq1anx_HwWN9b5lqdDSQ" linkindex="497"><span style="color: green;">fred.csir.co.za/plants/global/glossary.htm</span></a></li>
<li>Alien (ET) is life that exists and originates outside the <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="planet Earth" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">planet Earth</yoono-highlight>, the only place in the universe currently known to support life by humans..<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=51&oi=define&q=http://www.zteck.com/secret/paranormal.htm&usg=AFQjCNEuiEwA0h0Ig5ayB5N9hveAKELZEA" linkindex="498"><span style="color: green;">www.zteck.com/secret/paranormal.htm</span></a></li>
<li>Massive subject. From another world. Extraterrestrial. A being of super intelligence who has grown up and evolved alongside mankind and takes an …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=52&oi=define&q=http://www.kwest.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/A.html&usg=AFQjCNFISMZ1HcVf3n7zI91zrxV7nVhgbQ" linkindex="499"><span style="color: green;">www.kwest.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/A.html</span></a></li>
<li>A non-US citizen. Aliens are also known as foreign nationals, and are sometimes called foreigners.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=53&oi=define&q=http://www.greencard-marriage.com/content/Immigration_Dictionary.php&usg=AFQjCNElgIH_REJTa7j9xMCLI8q9R6up3w" linkindex="500"><span style="color: green;">www.greencard-marriage.com/content/Immigration_Dictionary.php</span></a></li>
<li>a foreigner, sojourner, or stranger from a country other than Israel. Aliens did not enjoy the rights of the citizens of Israel (Deut. …<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=54&oi=define&q=http://redentormio.exactpages.com/Terminology_A.html&usg=AFQjCNGeN_LMvAFooMYXMaW9lteiJ5tCYQ" linkindex="501"><span style="color: green;">redentormio.exactpages.com/Terminology_A.html</span></a></li>
<li>In the context of the Paranormal, ‘Alien’ is a word that most commonly means the same as Extraterrestrial – it refers to something or someone that is from somewhere other than the Earth.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=55&oi=define&q=http://paranormal.spiritual-healing.co.uk/dictionary/a.htm&usg=AFQjCNHDI95byfF7ixFhSPRcBRNgXWfavw" linkindex="502"><span style="color: green;">paranormal.spiritual-healing.co.uk/dictionary/a.htm</span></a></li>
<li>a resident born in or belonging to another country<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=56&oi=define&q=http://quizlet.com/print/164643/&usg=AFQjCNHYbRFCvOmh-YJ9paeiDe_GnxyQHQ" linkindex="503"><span style="color: green;">quizlet.com/print/164643/</span></a></li>
<li>was released March 22 2005, to a mixture of reviews, mostly favouring the progressive element <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Devin Townsend" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Devin Townsend</yoono-highlight> continues to bring to extreme metal.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=57&oi=define&q=http://www.singaporemoms.com/parenting/Strapping_Young_Lad&usg=AFQjCNFUlm1KIRF3a8q1X0ORjAkb_jS2Sg" linkindex="504"><span style="color: green;">www.singaporemoms.com/parenting/Strapping_Young_Lad</span></a></li>
<li>(re-release, was originally released in 1979)<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=58&oi=define&q=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/2003_in_film/id/371607&usg=AFQjCNGtwqrncN6lLfcYTG0QLjxZ3veWSw" linkindex="505"><span style="color: green;">www.experiencefestival.com/a/2003_in_film/id/371607</span></a></li>
<li>(Makar: 1973)<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=59&oi=define&q=http://india.smashits.com/wikipedia/Antigone_Kefala&usg=AFQjCNEn8dOyJqbVAyhDs8lV-gdNix0_oQ" linkindex="506"><span style="color: green;">india.smashits.com/wikipedia/Antigone_Kefala</span></a></li>
<li>An insurer domiciled outside the United States.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=X&start=60&oi=define&q=http://www.captive-insurance-alternatives.com/captive-insurance-glossary.php&usg=AFQjCNGLuz-3L7aNtpzzpCpJxErzJBz36Q" linkindex="507"><span style="color: green;">www.captive-insurance-alternatives.com/captive-insurance-glossary.php</span></a></li>
</ul></div></div>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-60007873010667309612010-04-26T20:36:00.000-07:002010-04-26T20:36:09.444-07:00Sejarah Perkembangan Microprocessor<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Sejarah Perkembangan Microprocessor</strong></span></span></div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1904 : </strong>Dioda tabung pertama kali diciptakan oleh seorang ilmuwan dari Inggris yang bernama Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945)</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1906 :</strong> ditemukan trioda hasil pengembangan dioda tabung oleh seorang ilmuwan Amerika yang bernama Dr. Lee De Forest. Yang kemudian terciptalah tetroda dan pentode.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">Akan tetapi penggunaan dari tabung hampa tersebut tergeser pada tahun 1960 setelah ditemukannya komponen semikonduktor.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1947 : </strong>Transistor diciptakan di labolatorium Bell.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1965 : </strong><yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Gordon Moore" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Gordon Moore</yoono-highlight> dari Fairchild semiconductor dalam sebuah artikel untuk majalan elektronik mengatakan bahwa chip semikonduktor berkembang dua kali lipat setiap dua tahun selama lebih dari tiga dekade.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1968 : </strong><yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Moore" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Moore</yoono-highlight>, Robert Noyce dan Andy Grove menemukan <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Intel Corp." onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Intel Corp.</yoono-highlight> untuk menjalankan bisnis “INTegrated Electronics.”</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span lang="sv-SE"><strong>1969 :</strong></span><span lang="sv-SE"> Intel mengumumkan produk pertamanya, RAM statis 1101, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) pertama di dunia. Ia memberikan sinyal pada berakhirnya era memori magnetis.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1971 : </strong>Intel meluncurkan mikroprosesor pertama di dunia, 4-bit 4004, yang didesain oleh Federico Faggin.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1972 :</strong> Intel mengumumkan prosesor 8-bit 8008. Bill Gates muda dan Paul Allen coba mengembangkan bahasa pemograman untuk chip tersebut, namun saat itu masih kurang kuat.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span lang="sv-SE"><strong>1974 : </strong></span><span lang="sv-SE">Intel memperkenalkan prosesor 8-bit 8080, dengan 4.500 transistor yang memiliki kinerja 10 kali pendahulunya.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1975 :</strong> Chip 8080 menemukan aplikasi PC pertamanya pada <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Altair 8800" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Altair 8800</yoono-highlight>, sekaligus merevolusi PC. Gates dan Allen sukses mengembangkan bahasa dasar <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Altair" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Altair</yoono-highlight>, yang kemudian menjadi <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Microsoft" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Microsoft</yoono-highlight> Basic, untuk 8080.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1976 :</strong> Arsitektur x86 mengalami kemunduran saat <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Steve Jobs" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Steve Jobs</yoono-highlight> dan <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Steve Wozniak" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Steve Wozniak</yoono-highlight> memperkenalkan Apple II computer dengan menggunakan prosesor 8-bit Motorola 6502.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1978 : </strong>Intel memperkenalkan mikroprosesor 16-bit 8086 yang kelak menjadi standar industri pada tanggal 8 Juni.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1979 : </strong>Intel memperkenalkan versi dengan harga yang lebih murah dari 8086, yaitu 8088 dengan 8-bit bus.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1980 : </strong>Intel memperkenalkan 8087 math co-processor.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1981 :</strong> IBM memilih 8088 untuk menjalankan PC-nya. Seorang eksekutif Intel kemudian mengatakannya sebagai “Kemenangan besar pertama Intel.”</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1982 :</strong> IBM menandatangani Advanced Micro Devices sebagai sumber kedua Intel untuk mikroprosesor 8086 dan 8088.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span lang="sv-SE"><strong>1982 : </strong></span><span lang="sv-SE">Intel memperkenalkan prosesor 16-bit 80286 dengan 134.000 transistor.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1984 : </strong>IBM mengembangkan PC generasi kedua, 80286-based PC-AT. PC-AT yang menjalankan MS-DOS,<br />
kelak menjadi standar PC selama hampir 10 tahun.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1985 : </strong>Intel keluar dari bisnis RAM dinamis untuk fokus pada mikroprosesor, dan akhirnya ia mengeluarkan prosesor 80386, sebuah chip 32-bit dengan 275.000 transistor dan kemampuan menjalankan berbagai macam program sekaligus.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1986 : </strong>Compaq Computer melambungkan IBM dengan PC yang didasarkan pada 80386.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1987 :</strong> VIA Technologies didirikan di Fremont, Calif., mereka akan mejual chip set core logic x86.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1989 :</strong> 80486 diluncurkan, dengan 1.2 juta buah transistor dan built-in math co-processor.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">Intel telah memprediksi pengembangan prosesor multicore suatu saat pada tahun 2000-an.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1990 :</strong> Compaq memperkenalkan server PC pertama, yang dijalankan dengan menggunakan 80486.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1993 : </strong>Transistor 3.1 juta, prosesor 66-MHz Pentium dengan teknologi superscalar diperkenalkan.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1994 : </strong>AMD dan Compaq membentuk aliansi untuk mendukung Compaq computer dengan mikroprosesor Am486.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1997 : </strong>Intel meluncurkan teknologi prosesor 64-bit Epic. Ia juga memperkenalkan MMX Pentium untuk aplikasi prosesor sinyal digital, yang juga mencakup grafik, audio, dan pemrosesan suara.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1998 :</strong> Intel memperkenalkan prosesor Celeron di bulan April.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>1999 : </strong>VIA mengakuisisi Cyrix Corp. dan Centaur Technology, pembuat prosesor x86 dan x87 co-processor.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span lang="sv-SE"><strong>2000 :</strong></span><span lang="sv-SE"> Debut Pentium 4 dengan 42 juta transistor.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>2003 :</strong> AMD memperkenalkan x86-64, versi 64-bit dari x86 instruction set.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>2004 :</strong> AMD mendemonstrasikan x86 dual-core processor chip.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>2005 : </strong>Intel menjual prosesor Dual-Core pertamanya.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span lang="sv-SE"><strong>2006 :</strong></span><span lang="sv-SE"> Dell Inc. mengumumkan akan menawarkan system prosesor berbasis AMD.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>2006 : </strong>Intel Memperkenalkan prosesor core 2 duo di bulan juli.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>2007 :</strong> Intel memperkenalkan prosesor core 2 quad di bulan januari.</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><ul><li> <div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><a href="" name="content"></a><strong>Jenis – Jenis Prosesor</strong></div><div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div></li>
</ul><div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">Berdasarkan pada banyaknya bit yang dikerjakan oleh ALU (Arithmatic Logic Unit), CPU dibedakan menjadi 4 jenis, yaitu :</div><div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><ol><li> <div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>Bit Silices Processor</strong></div><div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">Perancangan cpu dengan menambahkan jumlah irisan bit (slices) untuk applikasi-applikasi tertentu. CPU jenis ini dapat pula dikatakan dengan CPU Custom.</div></li>
<li> <div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>General Purpose CPU</strong></div></li>
</ol><ol><div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">CPU serbaguna atau mikrokomputer dengan semua kemampuan dari mini komputer terdahulu.</div></ol><ol><li> <div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>I/O Processor</strong></div><div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">Prosesor khusus yang berfungsi menangani input/output request membantu prose</div></li>
<li> <div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><strong>Dedicated/Embedded Controller</strong></div></li>
</ol><div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;">Membuat mesin menjadi smart, seperti : mesin cuci, microwave, oven, mesin jahit, sistem pengapian otomotif. Prosesor jenis ini lebih dikenal dengan mikrokontroller.</div>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9180102345442763940.post-35154944329888808792010-04-26T20:34:00.001-07:002010-04-26T20:34:55.794-07:00Sejarah Perkembangan Microprocessor Intel<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><div align="center" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><ol><div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="left" lang="sv-SE" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div></ol><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1971: 4004 Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Pada tahun 1971 munculah microprocessor pertama Intel , microprocessor 4004 ini digunakan pada mesin kalkulator Busicom. Dengan penemuan ini maka terbukalah jalan untuk memasukkan kecerdasan buatan pada benda mati.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1972: 8008 Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Pada tahun 1972 munculah microprocessor 8008 yang berkekuatan 2 kali lipat dari pendahulunya yaitu 4004.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1974: 8080 Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Menjadi otak dari sebuah komputer yang bernama Altair, pada saat itu terjual sekitar sepuluh ribu dalam 1 bulan</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Sebuah penjualan penting dalam divisi komputer terjadi pada produk untuk komputer pribadi buatan IBM yang memakai prosesor 8088 yang berhasil mendongkrak nama intel.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1982: 286 Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Intel 286 atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama 80286 adalah sebuah processor yang pertama kali dapat mengenali dan menggunakan software yang digunakan untuk processor sebelumnya.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1985: Intel386™ Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Intel 386 adalah sebuah prosesor yang memiliki 275.000 transistor yang tertanam diprosessor tersebut yang jika dibandingkan dengan 4004 memiliki 100 kali lipat lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan 4004</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1989: Intel486™ DX CPU Microprocessor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor yang pertama kali memudahkan berbagai aplikasi yang tadinya harus mengetikkan command-command menjadi hanya sebuah klik saja, dan mempunyai fungsi komplek matematika sehingga memperkecil beban kerja pada processor.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1993: Intel® Pentium® Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor generasi baru yang mampu menangani berbagai jenis data seperti suara, bunyi, tulisan tangan, dan foto.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor yang dirancang untuk digunakan pada aplikasi server dan workstation, yang dibuat untuk memproses data secara cepat, processor ini mempunyai 5,5 jt transistor yang tertanam.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Pocessor Pentium II merupakan processor yang menggabungkan Intel MMX yang dirancang secara khusus untuk mengolah data video, audio, dan grafik secara efisien. Terdapat 7.5 juta transistor terintegrasi di dalamnya sehingga dengan processor ini pengguna PC dapat mengolah berbagai data dan menggunakan internet dengan lebih baik.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1998: Intel® Pentium II Xeon® Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor yang dibuat untuk kebutuhan pada aplikasi server. Intel saat itu ingin memenuhi strateginya yang ingin memberikan sebuah processor unik untuk sebuah pasar tertentu.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1999: Intel® Celeron® Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor Intel Celeron merupakan processor yang dikeluarkan sebagai processor yang ditujukan untuk pengguna yang tidak terlalu membutuhkan kinerja processor yang lebih cepat bagi pengguna yang ingin membangun sebuah system computer dengan budget (harga) yang tidak terlalu besar. Processor Intel Celeron ini memiliki bentuk dan formfactor yang sama dengan processor Intel jenis Pentium, tetapi hanya dengan instruksi-instruksi yang lebih sedikit, L2 cache-nya lebih kecil, kecepatan (clock speed) yang lebih lambat, dan harga yang lebih murah daripada processor Intel jenis Pentium. Dengan keluarnya processor Celeron ini maka Intel kembali memberikan sebuah processor untuk sebuah pasaran tertentu.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1999: Intel® Pentium® III Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor Pentium III merupakan processor yang diberi tambahan 70 instruksi baru yang secara dramatis memperkaya kemampuan pencitraan tingkat tinggi, tiga dimensi, audio streaming, dan aplikasi-aplikasi video serta pengenalan suara.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>1999: Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Intel kembali merambah pasaran server dan workstation dengan mengeluarkan seri Xeon tetapi jenis Pentium III yang mempunyai 70 perintah SIMD. Keunggulan processor ini adalah ia dapat mempercepat pengolahan informasi dari system bus ke processor , yang juga mendongkrak performa secara signifikan. Processor ini juga dirancang untuk dipadukan dengan processor lain yang sejenis.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor Pentium IV merupakan produk Intel yang kecepatan prosesnya mampu menembus kecepatan hingga 3.06 GHz. Pertama kali keluar processor ini berkecepatan 1.5GHz dengan formafactor pin 423, setelah itu intel merubah formfactor processor Intel Pentium 4 menjadi pin 478 yang dimulai dari processor Intel Pentium 4 berkecepatan 1.3 GHz sampai yang terbaru yang saat ini mampu menembus kecepatannya hingga 3.4 GHz.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2001: Intel® Xeon® Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor Intel Pentium 4 Xeon merupakan processor Intel Pentium 4 yang ditujukan khusus untuk berperan sebagai computer server. Processor ini memiliki jumlah pin lebih banyak dari processor Intel Pentium 4 serta dengan memory L2 cache yang lebih besar pula.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2001: Intel® Itanium® Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Itanium adalah processor pertama berbasis 64 bit yang ditujukan bagi pemakain pada server dan workstation serta pemakai tertentu. Processor ini sudah dibuat dengan struktur yang benar-benar berbeda dari sebelumnya yang didasarkan pada desain dan teknologi Intel’s Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing ( EPIC ).</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2002: Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Itanium 2 adalah generasi kedua dari keluarga Itanium</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2003: Intel® Pentium® M Processor</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Chipset 855, dan Intel® PRO/WIRELESS 2100 adalah komponen dari Intel® Centrino™. Intel Centrino dibuat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar akan keberadaan sebuah komputer yang mudah dibawa kemana-mana.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2004: Intel Pentium M 735/745/755 processors</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Dilengkapi dengan chipset 855 dengan fitur baru 2Mb L2 Cache 400MHz system bus dan kecocokan dengan soket processor dengan seri-seri Pentium M sebelumnya.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2004: Intel E7520/E7320 Chipsets</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>7320/7520 dapat digunakan untuk dual processor dengan konfigurasi 800MHz FSB, DDR2 400 memory, and <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="PCI Express" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">PCI Express</yoono-highlight> peripheral interfaces.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2005: Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3.73GHz</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Sebuah processor yang ditujukan untuk pasar pengguna komputer yang menginginkan sesuatu yang lebih dari komputernya, processor ini menggunakan konfigurasi 3.73GHz frequency, 1.066GHz FSB, EM64T, 2MB L2 cache, dan HyperThreading.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2005: Intel Pentium D 820/830/840</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor berbasis 64 bit dan disebut dual core karena menggunakan 2 buah inti, dengan konfigurasi 1MB L2 cache pada tiap core, 800MHz FSB, dan bisa beroperasi pada frekuensi 2.8GHz, 3.0GHz, dan 3.2GHz. Pada processor jenis ini juga disertakan dukungan HyperThreading.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2006: <yoono-highlight class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link" keywords="Intel Core 2 Quad" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)">Intel Core 2 Quad</yoono-highlight> Q6600</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor untuk type desktop dan digunakan pada orang yang ingin kekuatan lebih dari komputer yang ia miliki memiliki 2 buah core dengan konfigurasi 2.4GHz dengan 8MB L2 cache (sampai dengan 4MB yang dapat diakses tiap core ), 1.06GHz Front-side bus, dan thermal design power ( TDP )</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span><strong>2006: Intel Quad-core Xeon X3210/X3220</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span>Processor yang digunakan untuk tipe server dan memiliki 2 buah core dengan masing-masing memiliki konfigurasi 2.13 dan 2.4GHz, berturut-turut , dengan 8MB L2 cache ( dapat mencapai 4MB yang diakses untuk tiap core ), 1.06GHz Front-side bus, dan thermal design power (TDP)</span></span></span></div>artikelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02023733921190603506noreply@blogger.com0